Symptoms of Groupthink Discussion

Symptoms of Groupthink

The consensus-seeking tendency resulting from the antecedent conditions led to what Janis referred to as the symptoms of groupthink. Although Janis derived his theory from case study, he attempted to define the elements of his model in a way that would allow for more empirical study. He wrote, “In order to test generalizations about the conditions that increase the chance of groupthink, we must operationalize the concept of groupthink by describing the symptoms to which it refers. Eight main symptoms run through the case studies of historic fiascoes” (Janis, 1972, p. 197). The symptoms listed below are summarized from his original discussion

• An illusion of invulernability that increases optimism and risk-taking;

• Excessive and collective rationalization;

• Unquestioned belief in the morality of the group;

• Stereotypical views of out-group members;

• Discouragement of dissent among group members;

• Self-censorship by individual group members;

• Illusion of unanimity; and,

• The use of mind guards, or individuals who protect the group from information that might threaten their shared complacency (Janis, 1972; Janis & Mann, 1977).

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